What is a fundamental rights impact assessment under the EU AI Act?

A fundamental rights impact assessment (FRIA) is a documented evaluation of how a high-risk AI system could affect people's fundamental rights before it is deployed. Under Article 27, it applies to certain deployers, including public bodies and private entities providing public services.

Article 27 requires certain deployers of high-risk AI systems to assess the impact on fundamental rights before first use. The assessment covers the processes in which the system will run, how long and how often it will be used, the categories of people likely to be affected, the specific risks of harm to them, the human oversight measures in place, and the steps to take if risks materialize.

The obligation falls on bodies governed by public law, private entities providing public services, and deployers of certain high-risk systems used for credit scoring or for risk assessment and pricing in life and health insurance. Where the assessment is required, the results are notified to the market surveillance authority.

A FRIA is not a privacy document. A data protection impact assessment looks at personal data risks, while a FRIA looks at a wider set of rights, including non-discrimination, dignity, and access to services. Where both apply, they can be run together, but each has its own scope.

The course covers the FRIA on Day 4, alongside the registration and notification duties, so participants leave with a template they can adapt to their own systems.

Expert Insight

Complete the fundamental rights impact assessment before first use, not after go-live, and treat it as a living record. An assessment that is never updated stops matching how the system is actually used.

“Run the impact assessment before go-live, not after a complaint.”

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